痞客興的部落格

當公司或者是個人需要建置一項系統或者是網路服務時,最傳統的做法就是買一台電腦(伺服器或者是PC,端看你荷包滿不滿),在上面安裝作業系統,然後接著在系統上再安裝軟體提供所需要的服務.但這種方法在硬體購買上是有前置成本的,然後你還要有網路,嚴謹點還要有備援,那就不是一台電腦加一片網路卡能解決的了.

而VPS就是Virtual Private Server,網路上有很多VPS的服務供應商,他們會將一台實體主機的硬體以軟體的方式切分為若干等分,然後再根據客戶的需求來出售分割的部分,這樣有個好處,使用者可以根據需求購買合適的主機效能,而且供應商通常會有較完善的備援措施,使用者只需要專注在作業系統及服務的設定.

而本文就是於網路上申請了一台VPS,這VPS的硬體效能只有 CPUx1, 128MB, 15G HD,是的,你沒看錯,就是這麼陽春,尤其是記憶體小到不可思憶,但我們要在這台VPS上的CentOS作業系統安裝Nginx+PHP-FPM+MySQL,就能對外提供網頁伺服器的服務了.

P.S. 這台VPS 15美金/每年,真的很便宜,但是這樣的VPS主機所架設的服務僅能做為流量很少的網站,或者是個人測試使用,如果是商業使用或大流量的網站,你依然可以使用VPS,但硬體等級就要適度的提升了.

接著我們來說明安裝過程

1.先將相關的服務關閉並移出開機啟動

# service httpd stop 
# chkconfig httpd off
# service xinetd stop
# chkconfig xinetd off
# service saslauthd stop
# chkconfig saslauthd off
# service sendmail stop
# chkconfig sendmail off
# service postfix stop
# chkconfig postfix off
# service rsyslog stop

2.檢查 /proc/user_beancounters是否存在(OpenVZ會有這個檔案),如果有執行以下步驟,若沒有就跳過這個步驟

# echo "* soft stack 256" >/etc/security/limits.conf
# sed -i 's/plugins=1/plugins=0/' /etc/yum.conf

3.移除預設安裝的httpd php mysql rsyslog sendmail postfix,因為很佔資源

# yum -y remove httpd php mysql rsyslog sendmail postfix

4.安裝Nginx的repo

# rpm -Uvh http://nginx.org/packages/rhel/6/noarch/RPMS/nginx-release-rhel-6-0.el6.ngx.noarch.rpm

5.安裝PHP的repo

# rpm -Uvh https://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/epel-release-latest-6.noarch.rpm
# rpm -Uvh http://mirror.webtatic.com/yum/el6/latest.rpm

6.安裝syslog-ng的repo

# rpm -Uvh https://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/x86_64/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm

7.安裝PHP,Nginx,MySQL

# yum -y install mysql-server php55w-fpm php55w-mysql php55w-gd nginx exim syslog-ng cronie

8.修改MySQL的設定檔

# vi /etc/my.cnf

然後在[mysqld]的區塊中加入以下內容

default-storage-engine = myisam
key_buffer = 1M
query_cache_size = 1M
query_cache_limit = 128k
max_connections=25
thread_cache=1
skip-innodb
query_cache_min_res_unit=0
tmp_table_size = 1M
max_heap_table_size = 1M
table_cache=256
concurrent_insert=2 
max_allowed_packet = 1M
sort_buffer_size = 64K
read_buffer_size = 256K
read_rnd_buffer_size = 256K
net_buffer_length = 2K
thread_stack = 64K

停止MySQL

# /etc/init.d/mysqld stop

9.修改Nginx的設定檔

# vi /etc/nginx/php

加入以下內容

index index.php index.html index.htm;
location ~ \.php$ {
   include fastcgi_params;
    fastcgi_intercept_errors on;
    fastcgi_index index.php;
    fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME \$document_root\$fastcgi_script_name;
  try_files \$uri =404;
    fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
    error_page 404 /404page.html; #makes nginx return it's default 404 
#       page instead of a blank page
} 

修改另一個檔

# vi /etc/nginx/nginx.conf

將裡面的內容置換為以下的內容

user              nginx nginx;
worker_processes  1;
pid               /var/run/nginx.pid;
events {
    worker_connections  2048;
}
http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;
    client_max_body_size 64M;
    sendfile        on;
    tcp_nopush      on;
    keepalive_timeout  3;
    gzip  on;
    gzip_comp_level 2;
    gzip_proxied any;
    gzip_types      text/plain text/css application/x-javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript;
    server_tokens off;
    include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*;
} 

刪除Nginx原先設定檔

# rm /etc/nginx/conf.d/*

加入新的設定檔

# vi /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf

將以下內容加入

server {
    listen 80 default;
    server_name _;
    root /var/www/html;
    include php;
  } 

10.將PHP-FPM的設定檔加入

# vi /etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf

將以下內容加入

; Start a new pool named 'www'.
[www]
; The address on which to accept FastCGI requests.
; Valid syntaxes are:
;   'ip.add.re.ss:port'    - to listen on a TCP socket to a specific address on
;                            a specific port;
;   'port'                 - to listen on a TCP socket to all addresses on a
;                            specific port;
;   '/path/to/unix/socket' - to listen on a unix socket.
; Note: This value is mandatory.
listen = 127.0.0.1:9000
; Set listen(2) backlog. A value of '-1' means unlimited.
; Default Value: -1
;listen.backlog = -1
 
; List of ipv4 addresses of FastCGI clients which are allowed to connect.
; Equivalent to the FCGI_WEB_SERVER_ADDRS environment variable in the original
; PHP FCGI (5.2.2+). Makes sense only with a tcp listening socket. Each address
; must be separated by a comma. If this value is left blank, connections will be
; accepted from any ip address.
; Default Value: any
listen.allowed_clients = 127.0.0.1
; Set permissions for unix socket, if one is used. In Linux, read/write
; permissions must be set in order to allow connections from a web server. Many
; BSD-derived systems allow connections regardless of permissions. 
; Default Values: user and group are set as the running user
;                 mode is set to 0666
;listen.owner = nobody
;listen.group = nobody
;listen.mode = 0666
; Unix user/group of processes
; Note: The user is mandatory. If the group is not set, the default user's group
;       will be used.
; RPM: apache Choosed to be able to access some dir as httpd
user = php
; RPM: Keep a group allowed to write in log dir.
group = php
; Choose how the process manager will control the number of child processes.
; Possible Values:
;   static  - a fixed number (pm.max_children) of child processes;
;   dynamic - the number of child processes are set dynamically based on the
;             following directives:
;             pm.max_children      - the maximum number of children that can
;                                    be alive at the same time.
;             pm.start_servers     - the number of children created on startup.
;             pm.min_spare_servers - the minimum number of children in 'idle'
;                                    state (waiting to process). If the number
;                                    of 'idle' processes is less than this
;                                    number then some children will be created.
;             pm.max_spare_servers - the maximum number of children in 'idle'
;                                    state (waiting to process). If the number
;                                    of 'idle' processes is greater than this
;                                    number then some children will be killed.
; Note: This value is mandatory.
pm = ondemand
pm.process_idle_timeout = 3s
; The number of child processes to be created when pm is set to 'static' and the
; maximum number of child processes to be created when pm is set to 'dynamic'.
; This value sets the limit on the number of simultaneous requests that will be
; served. Equivalent to the ApacheMaxClients directive with mpm_prefork.
; Equivalent to the PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN environment variable in the original PHP
; CGI.
; Note: Used when pm is set to either 'static' or 'dynamic'
; Note: This value is mandatory.
pm.max_children = 5
; The number of child processes created on startup.
; Note: Used only when pm is set to 'dynamic'
; Default Value: min_spare_servers + (max_spare_servers - min_spare_servers) / 2
pm.start_servers = 1
; The desired minimum number of idle server processes.
; Note: Used only when pm is set to 'dynamic'
; Note: Mandatory when pm is set to 'dynamic'
pm.min_spare_servers = 1
; The desired maximum number of idle server processes.
; Note: Used only when pm is set to 'dynamic'
; Note: Mandatory when pm is set to 'dynamic'
pm.max_spare_servers = 1
 
; The number of requests each child process should execute before respawning.
; This can be useful to work around memory leaks in 3rd party libraries. For
; endless request processing specify '0'. Equivalent to PHP_FCGI_MAX_REQUESTS.
; Default Value: 0
pm.max_requests = 500
; The URI to view the FPM status page. If this value is not set, no URI will be
; recognized as a status page. By default, the status page shows the following
; information:
;   accepted conn    - the number of request accepted by the pool;
;   pool             - the name of the pool;
;   process manager  - static or dynamic;
;   idle processes   - the number of idle processes;
;   active processes - the number of active processes;
;   total processes  - the number of idle + active processes.
; The values of 'idle processes', 'active processes' and 'total processes' are
; updated each second. The value of 'accepted conn' is updated in real time.
; Example output:
;   accepted conn:   12073
;   pool:             www
;   process manager:  static
;   idle processes:   35
;   active processes: 65
;   total processes:  100
; By default the status page output is formatted as text/plain. Passing either
; 'html' or 'json' as a query string will return the corresponding output
; syntax. Example:
;   http://www.foo.bar/status
;   http://www.foo.bar/status?json
;   http://www.foo.bar/status?html
; Note: The value must start with a leading slash (/). The value can be
;       anything, but it may not be a good idea to use the .php extension or it
;       may conflict with a real PHP file.
; Default Value: not set 
;pm.status_path = /status
 
; The ping URI to call the monitoring page of FPM. If this value is not set, no
; URI will be recognized as a ping page. This could be used to test from outside
; that FPM is alive and responding, or to
; - create a graph of FPM availability (rrd or such);
; - remove a server from a group if it is not responding (load balancing);
; - trigger alerts for the operating team (24/7).
; Note: The value must start with a leading slash (/). The value can be
;       anything, but it may not be a good idea to use the .php extension or it
;       may conflict with a real PHP file.
; Default Value: not set
;ping.path = /ping
; This directive may be used to customize the response of a ping request. The
; response is formatted as text/plain with a 200 response code.
; Default Value: pong
;ping.response = pong
 
; The timeout for serving a single request after which the worker process will
; be killed. This option should be used when the 'max_execution_time' ini option
; does not stop script execution for some reason. A value of '0' means 'off'.
; Available units: s(econds)(default), m(inutes), h(ours), or d(ays)
; Default Value: 0
;request_terminate_timeout = 0
 
; The timeout for serving a single request after which a PHP backtrace will be
; dumped to the 'slowlog' file. A value of '0s' means 'off'.
; Available units: s(econds)(default), m(inutes), h(ours), or d(ays)
; Default Value: 0
;request_slowlog_timeout = 0
 
; The log file for slow requests
; Default Value: /var/log/php-fpm.log.slow
;slowlog = /var/log/php-fpm.log.slow
 
; Set open file descriptor rlimit.
; Default Value: system defined value
;rlimit_files = 1024
 
; Set max core size rlimit.
; Possible Values: 'unlimited' or an integer greater or equal to 0
; Default Value: system defined value
;rlimit_core = 0
 
; Chroot to this directory at the start. This value must be defined as an
; absolute path. When this value is not set, chroot is not used.
; Note: chrooting is a great security feature and should be used whenever 
;       possible. However, all PHP paths will be relative to the chroot
;       (error_log, sessions.save_path, ...).
; Default Value: not set
;chroot = 
 
; Chdir to this directory at the start. This value must be an absolute path.
; Default Value: current directory or / when chroot
;chdir = /var/www
 
; Redirect worker stdout and stderr into main error log. If not set, stdout and
; stderr will be redirected to /dev/null according to FastCGI specs.
; Default Value: no
;catch_workers_output = yes
 
; Pass environment variables like LD_LIBRARY_PATH. All  are taken from
; the current environment.
; Default Value: clean env
;env[HOSTNAME] = nl
;env[PATH] = /usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin
;env[TMP] = /tmp
;env[TMPDIR] = /tmp
;env[TEMP] = /tmp
; Additional php.ini defines, specific to this pool of workers. These settings
; overwrite the values previously defined in the php.ini. The directives are the
; same as the PHP SAPI:
;   php_value/php_flag             - you can set classic ini defines which can
;                                    be overwritten from PHP call 'ini_set'. 
;   php_admin_value/php_admin_flag - these directives won't be overwritten by
;                                     PHP call 'ini_set'
; For php_*flag, valid values are on, off, 1, 0, true, false, yes or no.
; Defining 'extension' will load the corresponding shared extension from
; extension_dir. Defining 'disable_functions' or 'disable_classes' will not
; overwrite previously defined php.ini values, but will append the new value
; instead.
; Default Value: nothing is defined by default except the values in php.ini and
;                specified at startup with the -d argument
;php_admin_value[sendmail_path] = /usr/sbin/sendmail -t -i -f www@my.domain.com
;php_flag[display_errors] = off
php_admin_value[error_log] = /var/log/php-fpm/www-error.log
php_admin_flag[log_errors] = on
;php_admin_value[memory_limit] = 32M
php_admin_value[upload_max_filesize] = 32M

11.建立Nginx相關目錄

# mkdir /var/www
# mkdir /var/www/html/
# mkdir /usr/share/nginx/logs/

12.新增使用者,並啟動服務及加入開機啟動

# useradd php
# service php-fpm start
# chkconfig php-fpm on
# iptables -I INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
# service iptables save
# chkconfig syslog-ng on
# service syslog-ng start
# chkconfig crond on
# service crond start
# service nginx restart
# chkconfig nginx on
# chkconfig mysqld on
# service mysqld start

13.php session建立目錄及權限

# mkdir /var/lib/php/session
# chmod 777 /var/lib/php/session

14.修改MySQL root密碼及安全設定

# /usr/bin/mysql_secure_installation

它會有步驟,請依你自己的需求一步步設定即可完成.

到此就完成了輕量VPS上安裝Nginx+PHP-FPM+MySQL的基本設定了.

本文參考自https://gist.github.com/basoro/b08e5451001d33c66ecae3f41570d581